Volume 7, Issue 4, Winter 2022 29 Frontiers of the RomanWorld (London: Pimlico, 2010), pp. 1-14 and David J. Breeze, The Frontiers of Imperial Rome (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2011), esp. chap. 3. [xxiv] That the Great Wall is a misnomer is forcefully argued by John Man in the introduction of The Great Wall (London: Bantam, 2008). [xxv] Peter Spring, Great Walls and Linear Barriers (Barnsley: Pen and Sword, 2015), p. 7. [xxvi] Frye, Walls, pp. 145-59. [xxvii] ‘Border walls to go up between India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan’, Global Construction Review (30 March 2017), https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/border-walls-go-betw7een-ind7ia-pakis7tan/ [xxviii] ‘”Trigger Happy”: Excessive Use of Force by Indian Troops at the Bangladesh Border’, Human RightsWatch (9 December 2010), https://www.hrw.org/report/2010/12/09/trigger-happy/excessive-use-force-indian-troops-bangladesh-border [xxix] ‘Security forces successfully overcome terrorism, border fencing: report’, Dunya News (26 August 2021), https:// dunyanews.tv/en/Pakistan/616813-Security-forces-successfully-overcome-terrorism-border-fencing-report [xxx] See ‘Pakistan Completes Majority Of Afghan Border Fence’, Voice of America (4 January 2021), https://unipath-magazine. com/pakistan-completes-majority-of-afghan-border-fence/#:~:text=During%20the%20spring%202020%20coronavirus%20 pandemic%2C%20Pakistan%20announced,the%20historically%20porous%20frontier%20between%20the%20two%20 countries [xxxi] ‘Western Sahara. Thewall that nobody talks about’, SouthWorld (1 November 2019), https://www.southworld.net/westernsahara-the-wall-that-nobody-talks-about/ [xxxii] AndrewLisa, ‘ThirtyBorderWallsAround theWorldToday’, Stacker (31 January2019), https://stacker.com/stories/2451/30border-walls-around-world-today [xxxiii] Patrick Vidija, ‘Kenya suspends construction of Somalia border wall to ease tensions’, The Star (31 March 2018), https:// www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018-03-31-kenya-suspends-construction-of-somalia-border-wall-to-ease-tensions/ [xxxiv] ‘Ukraine-Russia Border Fence / European Bulwark’, Global Security (6 May 2021), https://www.globalsecurity.org/ military/world/ukraine/border-fence.htm [xxxv] ‘Turkey-Syria Wall’, Global Security (20 June 2018), https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/tu-syriawall.htm [xxxvi] Cited in Betz, ‘On Guard’. [xxxvii] ‘Spanish toehold in Africa “under siege” by Morocco’, The Times (17 March 2020), https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/ spain-s-african-outposts-under-siege-from-hostile-neighbours-pvr92bl6b [xxxviii] Ian Hogg, Fortress (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1975), p. 110. [xxxix] See Clayton Donnell, The German Fortresses of Metz, 1870-1944 (Oxford: Osprey, 2008), The Forts of the Meuse in World War I (Oxford: Osprey, 2011), and The Fortifications of Verdun, 1874-1917. [xl] The nineteenth century German fortifications around Metz held up Patton’s Third Army from September to December of 1944 with savage fighting. See Donnell, The German Fortress of Metz. Vivian Rowe’s sympathetic account of Maginot, The Great Wall of France, describes it as a ‘triumph’ (London: Putnam, 1959). The argument is compelling. [xli] According to the blurb on the dustjacket of Hogg, Fortress. [xlii] Gregory Poling, ‘The Conventional Wisdom on China’s Island Bases is Dangerously Wrong’, War on the Rocks (10 January 2020), https://warontherocks.com/2020/01/the-conventional-wisdom-on-chinas-island-bases-is-dangerously-wrong/ [xliii] Hanna Beech, ‘China’s Sea Control Is a Done Deal, “Short of War With the U.S.”’, New York Times (20 September 2018), https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/20/world/asia/south-china-sea-navy.html [xliv] Zygmunt Bauman, Liquid Modernity (Cambridge: Polity, 2000), p. 14. Fortified Strategic Complexes David Betz
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