Volume 7, Issue 4, Winter 2022 44 Re-Thinking the Strategic Approach to Asymmetrical Warfare Daniel Riggs [xi] Robert S. Jordan, Political Leadership in NATO: A Study in Multinational Diplomacy (Boulder: Westview Press, 1979); Robert S. Jordan, Generals in International Politics: NATO’s Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987); Ryan C. Hendrickson, Diplomacy and War at NATO: The Secretary General and Military Action after the Cold War (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006). [xii] Huntington, 58. [xiii] Huntington, 351-353. [xiv] Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (New York: Free Press, 1971), pg. 70. [xv] Janowitz, pg. 334. [xvi] Rebecca L. Schiff, “Civil-Military Relations Reconsidered: A Theory of Concordance,” Armed Forces and Society 22, no. 1 (1995): 7-24. [xvii] Douglas L. Bland, “A Unified Theory of Civil-Military Relations,” Armed Forces and Society 26, no. 1 (1999): 7-26. [xviii] Hew Strachan, “The Civil-military ‘Gap’ in Britain,” Journal of Strategic Studies 26, no. 2 (2003): 46-63. [xix] Gordon A. Craig, “The Political Leader as Strategist,” in Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, ed. Peter Paret (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 482. [xx] David J. Betz, Civil-Military Relations in Russia and Eastern Europe (New York: Routledge, 2004), 7. [xxi] Janowitz, 314. [xxii] SHAPE Historical Office, SHAPE 57/67, History 1957: The Political Directive (Mons: NATO Archives, 1967): 12-16. [xxiii] Feaver. [xxiv] Feaver, 280. [xxv] Jordan (1979), 139-140. [xxvi] Richard Holbrooke, To End a War (New York: Random House, 1998), 99. [xxvii] Jordan (1979), 226-228. [xxviii] “Annex II to DPC/D (67) 23, Guidance to the NATO Military Authorities” in NATO Strategy Documents 1949 - 1969, ed. Gregory W. Pedlow (Mons: SHAPE Historical Office, 1997), 333-344. [xxix] Günter Bischof, Stefan Karner, and Peter Ruggenthaler, The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 (Lanham: Lexington Press, 2009). [xxx] “PO/68/430 August 1968 DPC Report on Situation in Czechoslovakia,” (Brussels: NATO Archives); “IMSWM-259-68 Crisis Management Aspect of the Invasion of Czechoslovakia” (Brussels: NATO Archives). [xxxi] PO/68/430. [xxxii] James H. Polk, “Reflections on the Czechoslovakian Invasion, 1968,” Strategic Review (Winter 1977), 33. [xxxiii] “MCM-0085-1968,” (Brussels: NATO Archives). [xxxiv] Timothy Andrews Sayle, Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019), 161. [xxxv] Kaplan, 338-339. [xxxvi] Kori Schake, Peter D. Feaver, Risa Brooks, Jim Golby, and Heidi Urben. “Masters and Commanders: Are Civil-Military Relations in Crisis?” Foreign Affairs 100, no. 2 (2021): 230-238.
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